Course title

Pre-requisite

Course description

Honors Anatomy and Physiology is designed for the student who is seriously interested in the medical fields. This course is a one year course that involves the structure and function of the human body; as it pertains to how the body systems relate to one another in organization; adaptation; and homeostasis. This course will involve laboratory activities; projects; dissections; textbook material; models; diagrams; and clinical studies. The material learned in this course can be applied to medical field careers; health and fitness careers; and biological research careers.

Lab/ Lab Assignments List: (1.5 hours per week of lab activity and completion)

TISSUE MICROSCOPE LAB (PART 1)†

QUESTION: WHAT ARE THE FOUR MAJOR TYPES OF TISSUE?

PROCEDURE: YOU ARE TO WORK IN GROUPS OF 2 TO 4 TO OBSERVE

TWELVE TISSUE SLIDES:

1) SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

2) STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

3) PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

4) TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

5) BONE

6) HYALINE CARTILAGE

7) ADIPOSE TISSUE

8) HUMAN BLOOD

9) SKELETAL MUSCLE

10) STRIATED MUSCLE

11) CARDIAC MUSCLE

12) SMOOTH MUSCLE

-TISSUE IDENTIFICATION LAB (PART 2)

PROCEDURE:

YOU ARE TO MATCH AND IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING TISSUE NAMES WITH THE UNKNOWN MICROSCOPE TISSUE SLIDES YOU SEE IN THE LAB:

BONE

NERVOUS (NEURON) TISSUE

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

ELASTIC CARTILAGE

FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE

BLOOD

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM (KERATIN)

HYALINE CARTILAGE

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM (2)

CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

RETICULAR CARTILAGE

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

ADIPOSE (FAT) TISSUE

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM (NONKERATIN)

AREOLAR TISSUE

†

BONE IDENTIFICATION AND MARKINGS LAB

DIRECTIONS: YOU ARE TO WORK IN GROUPS OF 3 TO 4 AND TRAVEL TO EACH STATIONS.YOU ARE TO RECORD YOUR ANSWERS ON THE LAB SHEET. YOU MAY ALSO DRAW PICTURES; ALONG WITH YOUR ANSWERS. STATIONS INCLUDE THE BONES OF THE AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR SKELETON.

MUSCLE FATIGUE LAB

PROBLEM: WHAT CAUSES SKELETAL MUSCLE FATIGUE?

BACKGROUND INFORMATION:

WHAT IS MUSCLE FATIGUE?

WHAT IS MUSCLE TENSION?

WHAT IS A MUSCLE TWITCH?

HYPOTHESIS: IF YOU EXERCISE FOR A LONG PERIOD OF TIME;

THEN YOUR ENERGY LEVEL WILL (INCREASE;

DECREASE; OR STAY THE SAME).

EXPERIMENT:

MATERIALS: 1) TEST TUBE CLAMP 2) DOMINANT HAND

3) SECOND HAND WATCH OR CLOCK

PROCEDURE:

1) HOLD THE TEST TUBE CLAMP IN THE HAND THAT YOU

TO USE WRITE (YOUR DOMINANT HAND).

2) SQUEEZE THE CLAMP WITH YOUR THUMB AND FIRST

TWO FINGERS UNTIL YOUR FINGERS MEET. RELAX YOUR GRIP UNTIL THE CLAMP IS BACK IN ITS ORIGINAL POSITION. THIS IS ONE SQUEEZE.

3) USING THE SECOND HAND ON THE CLOCK; YOUR

PARTNER WILL RECORD THE NUMBER OF SQUEEZES YOU CAN DO EVERY 30 SECONDS FOR A TOTAL OF 150 CONTINUOUS SECONDS (5 TRIALS).

4) COUNT THE NUMBER OF SQUEEZES OUT LOUD.

5) AT THE END OF THE FIRST 30 SECOND PERIOD YOUR PARTNER WILL RECORD THE NUMBER OF SQUEEZES IN THE DATA CHART. YOU CONTINUE TO SQUEEZE THE CLAMP. RECORD THE NUMBER OF SQUEEZES AFTER 60 SECONDS; 90 SECONDS; 120 SECONDS; AND 150 SECONDS.

6) REPEAT THE WHOLE PROCESS BY EXCHANGING YOUR TEST TUBE CLAMP WITH YOUR PARTNER.

DATA:

TRIAL NO. TIME (SECONDS) SQUEEZE NO.

1 30

2 60

3 90

4 120

5 150

ANALYSIS: USING THE RESULTS FROM THE DATA TABLE; MAKE A

BAR GRAPH.

(Y-AXIS)

NUMBER OF SQUEEZES

(X-AXIS)

TIME (SECONDS)

1. FROM SEEING THE GRAPH; WHAT HAS HAPPENED TO THE

NUMBER OF SQUEEZES AFTER TIME AS PASSED FROM 30

SECONDS TO 150 SECONDS?

CONCLUSION:

1. FROM LOOKING AT THE GRAPH; WHAT HAPPENED TO YOUR

STRENGTH AS YOU PASSED THROUGH TIME?

2. WHAT TYPE OF NUTRIENTS ARE REQUIRED BY SKELETAL

MUSCLES DURING EXERCISE? HOW ARE THESE NUTRIENTS

ACTUALLY DELIVERED TO THE SKELETAL MUSCLE?

3. WHAT KIND OF TWITCH WAS CREATED DURING YOUR HAND

EXERCISE ? A FAST TWITCH (FT) OR A SLOW TWITCH (ST)?

4. WHAT KIND OF ACID IS FORMED WHEN THERE IS NOT ENOUGH OXYGEN (ANAEROBIC) GOING TO THE SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS?

5. BESIDES NOT HAVING ENOUGH NUTRIENTS BEING

DELIVERED TO YOUR SKELETAL MUSCLES; WHAT ARE SOME

OTHER FACTORS THAT CAN CAUSE MUSCLE FATIGUE?

BRAIN DISSECTION

STUDENTS WILL DISSECT AND IDENTIFY THE MAJOR PARTS OF THE SHEEP?S BRAIN.† STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO EXPLAIN THE FUNCTION OF EACH PART. STUDENTS WILL STUDY AND INFER ABOUT DISORDERS OF VARIOUS STRUCTURES OF THE BRAIN.

HUMAN REFLEX LAB

STUDENTS WILL TEST THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HEARING; VISUAL AND TACTILE REACTION TIME.† THEY WILL BE ABLE TO EXPLAIN THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIAL SENSES AND HOW THEY INTERACT WITH ONE ANOTHER.† STUDENTS WILL EXPLORE HOW EACH OF THEIR SENSES EFFECTS THEIR REACTION TIME.

EYE DISSECTION LAB

Problem: What is the structure or parts of the eye?

Background Information: The eye is the sense organ that allows us to detect

Electromagnetic Energy. Our eyes can only see

wavelengths of visible light. Light rays are bent as they

pass through the lens and form an image on the retina.

The image is translated into nerve impulses which are

sent to the brain along the optic nerve.

Hypothesis: If you dissect the eye; then you will be able to visualize the structure of

the eye.

Materials: 1) Sheep eyeball

2) Dissection tray

3) Petri dish

4) Dissection tools

Procedure:

1) Set the sheep eyeball in the Petri dish located in the dissection tray.

Locate the following parts in the eyeball:

a) cornea h) ora serrata

b) sclera i) ciliary body

c) optic nerve j) choroid

d) iris k) tapetum lucidum

e) pupil l) retina

f) fat tissue m) lens

g) vitreous humor

2) Fill in the chart to give both description and drawing for each structure.

3) Use the stereo microscope or dissection microscope to view the eye structures.

Analysis: 1) What is the liquid or watery substance that comes out of the eye?

What is the purpose or function of this watery substance?†

2) What are the three layers of the eye? What is contained in each layer?†

3) What do the ciliary muscles of the ciliary body do for the eye?†

4) What is the purpose of the optic nerve?†

5) What structure or part is only found in the sheep eye and not in a

human eye?†

HUMAN BLOOD IDENTIFICATION LAB

Directions: STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO USE A VARIETY OF BLOOD SAMPLES TO IDENTIFY AND DISCOVER WHICH PERSON IS RESPONSIBLE IN A PROPOSED SCENARIO

SHEEP HEART DISSECTION LAB

1. LOOK CAREFULLY AT THE SURFACE OF THE HEART. HOW DOES THE HEART?S OUTSIDE SURFACE LOOK LIKE? WHAT ARE THE THREE LAYERS OF THE HEART FROM THE EXTERIOR TO THE INTERIOR? DESCRIBE THE PERICARDIUM MEMBRANE? WHY IS IT SHINY AND SLIPPERY?†

IDENTIFY THE PARTS OF THE HEART SHOWN IN THE PICTURE (DIAGRAM) BELOW: THIS IS THE

VENTRAL SIDE (ROUNDED SIDE). DON?T CUT IT YET.

AORTA

PULMONARY ARTERY

THE TWO VENA CAVA GO INTO THE RIGHT ATRIUM ON THE OTHER SIDE (DORSAL SIDE) THE PULMONARY VEIN GOES INTO THE LEFT ATRIUM ON THE DORSAL SIDE.

CORONARY ARTERY AND VEIN

WHEN YOU NEED TO SEE INSIDE THE RIGHT VENTRICLE; CUT HERE.

WHEN YOU WANT TO OPEN THE LEFT VENTRICLE CUT HERE.

IDENTIFY THE ARTERIES AND VEINS WHICH COME OUT OF THE HEART. USING THE STRING AND RULER; MEASURE THE DIAMETER IN CM. OF THE ARTERIES AND THE THICKNESS OF THE WALLS. DESCRIBE WHAT THE ARTERIES LOOK LIKE (COLOR; SHAPE; TEXTURE; ETC.)†

DIAMETER OF ARTERIES: _____________________

DESCRIPTION OF ARTERIES: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. LOOKING AT THE HEART; WHAT IS DIFFERENCE IN THE CHARACTERISTICS (COLOR; SHAPE; TEXTURE; ETC.) OF THE VENA CAVA; PULMONARY TRUNK AND AORTA?†

3. CAN YOU FIND ANY CORONARY ARTERIES OR VEINS? WHERE ARE THEY FOUND? WHAT IS THEIR FUNCTION?

4. CUT OPEN THE LEFT VENTRICLE FOLLOWING THE LINES ON THE DIAGRAM. WHAT IS THE VALVE THAT SEPARATES THE LEFT VENTRICLE FROM THE AORTA?†

5. CUT OPEN THE RIGHT VENTRICLE FOLLOWING THE LINES ON THE DIAGRAM. WHAT IS THE VALVE THAT SEPARATES THE RIGHT VENTRICLE FROM THE PULMONARY TRUNK?†

6. HOW IS THE MUSCLE THICKNESS AND VOLUME OF THE LEFT VENTRICLE DIFFERENT FROM THE MUSCLE THICKNESS AND VOLUME OF THE RIGHT VENTRICLE? USING THE RULER IN CM.; MEASURE THE MUSCLE THICKNESS OF BOTH THE RIGHT AND LEFT VENTRICLE.

LEFT VENTRICLE MUSCLE THICKNESS: ________CM.

RIGHT VENTRICLE MUSCLE THICKNESS: ________CM.

7. CUT INTO THE ATRIA AND MEASURE THE MUSCLE THICKNESS. IS THE MUSCLE WALL THICKER OR THINNER THAN THE VENTRICLES? EXPLAIN WHY THIS IS THE CASE.

8. WHAT CAN YOU SAY ABOUT THE SIZE (VOLUME) OF EACH OF THE CHAMBERS? ARE THEY DIFFERENT SIZES; WHICH IS THE LARGEST?†

9. WHAT IS THE CHAMBER THAT RECEIVES THE BLOOD FROM THE VENA CAVA INTO THE HEART?†

10. LOCATED NEXT TO THE HEART VALVES AND PAPILLARY MUSCLES. LOOK FOR THE CHORDAE TENDINAE. DESCRIBE THEIR CHARACTERISTICS (COLOR; SHAPE; TEXTURE; ETC.). WHAT IS THEIR FUNCTION?†

11. LOOKING AT THE HEART; HOW DOES BLOOD FLOW FROM THE BODY TISSUES TO THE HEART AND BACK TO THE BODY TISSUES? DESCRIBE HOW THE OXYGEN LEVELS CHANGE FROM THE BODY TISSUE THROUGH THE HEART AND BACK INTO THE BODY TISSUE.†

12. CONCLUSION: WHAT DID YOU LEARN FROM DOING THE SHEEP HEART DISSECTION? (5 COMPLETE SENTENCES)†

†

INFECTIOUS DISEASE LAB

STUDENTS WILL EXPLORE HOW INFECTIOUS DISEASE SPREAD IN A POPULATION† BY MODELING TRANSMISSION RATE THROUGH THEIR OWN STUDENT POPULATION. STUDENTS WILL BE GIVEN A BLIND STUDY AND WILL USE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE THE VECTOR OF THE DISEASE.

†

TASTE TEST LAB

Problem: How does the tongue sense different

flavors of candy?

Background Information: What is the tongue?

What are the four tastes of the tongue?

*Draw a picture to describe the parts of a tongue.

(labeled & colored)

Hypothesis: If you taste different samples of

candy; then your tongue will be able

to sense different flavors of candy.

Materials: List of materials needed for lab

Procedure: 1) Each of you are to get a LifeSavers

Gummies bag filled with 5 different

flavors of candy.

2) You are not to look in the bag to see

what flavors of candy are present.

3) One person is to be blindfolded and

given the bag by another person in the group.

4) The person testing the blindfolded person is to dump the candies on the napkin.

5) Before each test; the blindfolded person is to drink a small amount of water from the water bottle.

6) This test is to be repeated 5 times.

7) Repeat the whole process for every person in the group.

8) Record the flavor data each time the blindfolded person is tested.

Analysis: 1) Did you get any of the flavors wrong?

If yes; why?

2) Did you sense any of the four tastes?

If so; which ones? (bitter; salty; sour;

or sweet)

MEASURING LUNG CAPACITY LAB

Problem: What affects the lung capacity?†

Background Information:†

What is the function of the respiratory system?

Define the following words:

vital lung capacity:

tidal lung capacity:

residual volume:

Hypothesis:

If you differ in age; sex; body frame and aerobic fitness; then it will affect the volume of your lung capacity

Materials: What materials did you use?†

Procedure:†

1) Measure your Tidal Capacity:

a) Stretch a round balloon several times to stretch it out. Inhale normally and then exhale normally into the balloon.

b) Pinch the end of the balloon and measure its diameter. Record the data. See diagram:

c) Repeat for a total of 5 measurements. Record the data.

2) Measure your Vital Capacity:

a) Repeat step 1 of the procedure; only this time inhale and exhale as much air as you can.

b) Use the graph below to convert the balloon diameters to volume. Record.

Data:†

Analysis:†

1) What is the average volume of your tidal capacity?†

2) What is the average volume of your vital capacity?†

3) Compare your data with other members of your group. Why are their differences in your data with others?†

Conclusion:†

1) How might an athlete?s vital capacity compare to a non-athlete? Explain your reasoning.†

2) What happened to the person?s vital capacity over the course of the training period?†

3) What probably caused the change?†

4) What did you learn from the lab experiment? (5 complete sentences )

†

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Date submitted

Approved

Approved competency code

• LINT
• Integrated science

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Online / Virtual