Course title
SCPre-requisite
N/ACourse description
The Tempe Union HS District Curriculum Council has approved the course title name from Applied Botany 1-2 to Botany 1-2 and the class will be offered for Life Science Credit.
The course is currently in Deferred status; pending a list of labs and a detailed Botany lab. The information requested is below:
Please Note: The lab listed in the third column is "wrapping" to the first column in some cases.
BOTANY LABS
Corona del Sol High School
UNIT AREA LAB
Horticultural Science Plant Anatomy and Physiology Understanding Root Anatomy
Horticultural Science Plant Anatomy and Physiology Understanding Stem Anatomy
Horticultural Science Plant Anatomy and Physiology Understanding Leaf Anatomy
and Morphology
Horticultural Science Plant Anatomy and Physiology Understanding Flower Anatomy
Horticultural Science Plant Anatomy and Physiology Classifying Ornamental Plants
Horticultural Science Plant Propation Propagating Plants by Cuttings
Horticultural Science Properties of Growing Media Understanding Properties of Growing Media
Horticultural Science Growing Media; Nutrients; and Fertilizers Understanding Growing Media Components
Horticultural Science Growing Media; Nutrients; and Fertilizers Determining the Nature of Soil
Horticultural Science Growing Media; Nutrients; and Fertilizers Understanding Soil Texture and Structure
Horticultural Science Integrated Pest Management Identifying and Managing Plant Pests in Fruits and Vegetables
Horticultural Science Integrated Pest Management Identifying and Managing Plant Pests in the Landscape
Horticultural Science Exploring the Horticulture Industry Understanding Horticulture
Horticultural Science Exploring the Horticulture Industry Exploring Career Opportunities in Horticulture
Horticultural Science Exploring the Horticulture Industry Determining the Importance of the Horticulture Industry
Horticultural Science Exploring the Horticulture Industry Understanding Environmental Impacts of Horticulture
Horticultural Science Exploring the Horticulture Industry Practicing Horticulture Safety
Horticultural Science Plant Propagation Propagating Plants
Sexually
Horticultural Science Growing Media Nutrients; and Fertilizers Explaining a Soil Profile
Horticultural Science Integrated Pest Management Determining the Kinds of Pesticides
Horticultural Science Integrated Pest Management Managing Environmental Impact of Pesticides
Horticultural Science Integrated Pest Management Identifying and Managing Plant Pests in the Greenhouse
Horticultural Science Integrated Pest Management Interpreting Pesticide Labels
Horticultural Science Integrated Pest Management Understanding Integrated Pest Management
Horticultural Science Growing Media; Nutrients; and Fertilizers Understanding Soil Erosion and Management Practices
Horticultural Science Plant Anatomy and Physiology Understanding Light; Temperature; Air; and water Effects on Plant Growth
Horticultural Science Plant Propagation Understanding Sexual Reproduction
Plant and Soil Science Career Opportunities in Plant and Soil Science Career Opportunities in plant and Soil Science
Plant and Soil Science Plant Science Fuels from Crops
Plant and Soil Science Principles of Plant Science Classifying and Naming Plants
Plant and Soil Science Basic Principles of Plant Science Examining Plant Structures and Functions
Plant and Soil Science Basic Principles of Plant Science Examining Flowers and Fruits
Plant and Soil Science Basic Principles of Plant Science Identifying Plant Types and Uses
Plant and Soil Science Seed Germination; Growth; and Development Understanding Plant Life Cycles
Plant and Soil Science Seed Germination; Growth; and Development Examining Photosynthesis
Plant and Soil Science Seed Germination; Growth; and Development Understanding Respiration
Plant and Soil Science Environmental Factors Affecting Plant Growth Understanding the Importance of Water in Plant Growth
Plant and Soil Science Environmental Factors Affecting Plant Growth Determining the Influence of Temperature on Plants
Plant and Soil Science Environmental Factors Affecting Plant Growth A Study With Plant Leaf Pigments
Plant and Soil Science Environmental Factors Affecting Plant Growth Soil Analysis
Plant and Soil Science Environmental Factors Affecting Plant Growth Recognizing the Role of Light in Plant Growth
Plant and Soil Science Managing Plant Growth Separating Plant Pigments by Chromatography
Plant and Soil Science Soil Fertility and Moisture Management Understanding Soil Chemistry
Plant and Soil Science Soil Fertility and Moisture Management Applying Fertilizers to Field Crops
Plant and Soil Science Soil Fertility and Moisture Management Identifying Nutrient Deficiencies in Crops
Plant and Soil Science Soil Fertility and Moisture Management Using Irrigation
Plant and Soil Science Integrated Pest Management Understanding Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Natural Resources Introduction to Natural Resources Exploring Natural Resources
Natural Resources Introduction to Natural Resources Understanding Ecology and Ecosystems
Natural Resources Introduction to Natural Resources Understanding Human Demands on Natural Resources
Natural Resources Introduction to Natural Resources Understanding recycling and its Relationship to the Environment
Natural Resources Soil Understanding the Importance of Soil
Natural Resources Water Understanding the Water Cycle and its Importance of the Environment
Natural Resources Water Determining Uses of Water
Natural Resources Water Identifying Water Sources and Quality Standards
Floriculture Greenhouse Crop Production Exploring Greenhouse Structures
Nursery; Landscaping; and Gardening Landscape Maintenance Pruning Landscape Plants
Nursery; Landscaping; and Gardening Fruit and Vegetable Crop Production Planning and Preparing a Vegetable Garden Site
Nursery; Landscaping; and Gardening Fruit and Vegetable Crop Production Planting and Maintaining a Vegetable Garden
Nursery; Landscaping; and Gardening Residential Landscape Design Analyzing the Residential Landscape
Nursery; Landscaping; and Gardening Residential landscape Design Designing the Landscape Areas
Nursery; Landscaping; and Gardening Residential Landscape Design Beginning the Design Process
Nursery; Landscaping; and Gardening Residential Landscape Design Using Annuals and Perennials in the Landscape
Nursery; Landscaping; and Gardening Residential Landscape Design Choosing Plants for the Landscape
Nursery; Landscaping; and Gardening Residential Landscape Design Putting the Plan on Paper
EXAMPLE OF A BOTANY LAB:
Botany 1-2
Mr. Feldman
Lab: A Study with Plant Leaf Pigments
PLANT PIGMENTS
Background Information
There are four major pigments found in the leaf cells of plants: chlorophyll; chlorophyll b; the xanthophylls; and the carotenes. These pigments are believed to be the material responsible for the absorption of light energy for its conversion into chemical bond energy for food manufacture. The molecules making up these pigments are large and difficult to isolate without being altered by many chemical isolation techniques. In this exercise the molecules will b separated by a process called chromatography which enables molecules to be separated without being altered.
Paper chromatography depends upon the differential solubility of substances in the components of a solvent mixture such as petroleum ether and benzene; and on their differential absorption on paper. The cellulose in the paper has a strong attraction for water molecules which are absorbed from the atmosphere and form thin films around the fibers. The substance to be separated is placed in a concentrated small dot near one end of the filter paper. The immiscible solvents are applied at the same end of the paper. By capillary action the solvents will move slowly towards the opposite end. As the solvents move through the concentrated dot of material; they will move the material; but the different types of molecules will move at different rates. The rate at which a specific substance moves is determined by its relative solubility in the water phase and in the organic phase. The higher the water solubility of a substance with respect to the organic solvent phase; the greater the partitioning of that substance with respect to the organic solvent phase; the greater the partitioning of that substance into the water phase and the faster its advance on the paper. The carotenes and xanthophylls are more soluble in the aquatic phase and will therefore move up the paper column more rapidly than will the chlorophylls which are more soluble in the organic phase. The rate of movement also depends upon the molecular size and distribution of charge on the molecules.
Procedure
Please Note: the diagram did not copy but is in the lab distributed to the students
1. Extraction of the Leaf Pigments. Place approximately 10 grams of leaf material; 3 grams of fine sand; and 15 ml. of acetone in a mortar and grind the material thoroughly. Add 15 ml. of acetone and let stand for 5 minutes; grind for a few more minutes. The sand aids in rupturing the cell walls while the acetone dissolves the plant pigments. Filter the material into a clean test tube and stopper it to prevent evaporation.
2. Preparation of the Chromatogram.
a. Obtain the strip of filter paper which has been cut out as in the sketch which follows. Handle the strip as little as possible and then only on the end in which the pin will be placed. Dirt or oil from your hands; or from any other source may interfere with the propr developmetn of the chromatogram.
b. Place the strip of paper so that the notched end where the spot of pigment is to be applied is not touching the table or paper. This is to prevent a wide spreading of the pigment on the paper. Using a capillary pipette apply 20 drops of leaf pigment solution to form the spot indicated in the sketch. Allow a minimum of 30 seconds of drying time between the application of each drop. (This is a very critical phase of the chromatogram preparation; the smaller and more concentrated the dot; the better your results will be.)
c. Secure the end of the strip opposite the dot of pigment on a bent wire in the bottom of a stopper for a 500-ml flask so that the strip of paper will just touch the bottom of the flask.
d. Remove the stopper and paper from the flask and pour in 15 to 20 ml of a solution containing nine parts petroleum ether to one part benzene.
e. Carefully return the paper strip and stopper to the flask. Leave the chromatography set up stationary until the solvent front reaches the pinhole. Remove the stopper and paper and quickly mark the solvent front with a pencil. The solvent front is the highest pint that the solvent reaches on the paper.
Results
1. Examine the chromatogram carefully; noticing the number and position of pigments. Ordinarily the most conspicuous pigments are: the orange carotenes near the solvent front; one or two yellow-orange xanthophylls near the middle; blue-green chlorophyll a just below the xanthophylls and yellow-green chlorophyll b immediately below chlorophyll a.
2. Examine the chromatogram under the ultraviolet lamp. (Be careful not to look directly at the light as it can do damage to the eyes.) Note any inflorescence of the various pigments. In the highly organized chloroplast the pigments absorb light energy and channel it into chemical bond energy for use by the cell. When the organization is disrupted much of the absorbed light energy is released at a lower energy level (light of a longer wavelength).
3. Staple the chromatogram in the space below and label the pigments observed.
4. The Rf value is the distance the pigment moves as compared to the distance the solvent moves. It is expressed as a decimal and is determined by dividing the distance the solvent moves into the distance the pigment moves. Measure these distances from the midpoint of the original pigment dot. If the same procedure is used a compound will have a constant Rf value; thus by comparing the Rf values of known compounds with those of the materials of an experimental extraction an idea can be gained as to what a particular unknown material might be. Calculate the Rf value for each pigment that you can observe.
Pigment Distance pigment moved Distance solvent moved Rf value
˜ =
˜ =
˜ =
˜ =
LIGHT QUALITY AND TRANSMISSION
Background Information
Light is thought of as having two characteristics; wave and particulate. Light travels in waves and the quality of light is determined by the length of the waves. For example; red light has a wavelength of about 700 millimicrometers while violet light has a wavelength of about 400 millimicrometers. The amount of energy of the photons depends upon their wavelength. The shorter the wavelength the greater the energy. Blue light photons have greater energy than do red light photons.
Plant pigments do not react the same way to all types of light. Some wavelengths are absorbed readily; while others are either reflected or transmitted. Since the light must be absorbed to be utilized in food manufacture; it is believed that those wavelengths which are absorbed most by the pigments are of most importance in photosynthetic reactions while those wavelengths which are transmitted the most are of less importance in photosynthesis. The transmission of light of various wavelengths through a solution of leaf pigment material can be measured with a spectrophotometer. A spectrophotometer can be adjusted so that various desired wavelengths of light can be directed through a solution in a test tube towards a light meter. The more light that passes through the solution; the higher the percent of transmittance reading will be from the light meter.
Another method of analyzing the transmission of light through a material is to place the material in a spectrograph. In the spectrograph the lower portion of the light beam travels through the material being analyzed while the upper portion of the beam does not. The beam then passes through a prism which separates the light into the color spectrum according to the wavelengths (or energies) of the light. The upper portion of the beam will contain the full color spectrum but the lower portion will lack those portions which are being absorbed by the material.
Procedure
1. Using some of the solution extracted from the leaves; plot the transmittance of light using the spectrophotometer.
Operation of the spectrophotometer:
a. Adjust the wavelength setting to 400.
b. Fill one of the special test tubes about one-half full of reference fluid; in this case acetone; since that is the solvent for the pigments. This will be called the ?blank.?
c. Insert the blank into the sample holder with the line on the test tube even with the line on the sample holder. Close the cover.
d. Adjust the light control to 100% transmittance.
e. Replace the blank with a second tube half-filled with a dilution of the pigment extract. This dilution is prepared by filling the tube approximately one-half full of acetone and adding the pigment extract one drop at a time until the dilution gives a percent of transmittance reading of somewhere between 15 and 30. The transmittance should be checked between each addition of extract. (This reading is the first reading that you should record.)
f. Turn the light control so that the transmittance reading is less than 90%. (This is to protect the photo cell.)
g. Turn the wavelength control up 25 nanometers in this case to 425.
h. Replace the dilution tube with the acetone blank and adjust the light control to 100% transmittance.
i. Replace the blank with the dilution tube and read the percent of transmittance. (This is the second reading you should record.)
j. Continue increasing the wavelength in intervals of 25 nanometers and recording each reading until you reach 700 or until you can no longer adjust your machine. Follow steps f; g; h; and i for each new reading. After step e you should not add pigment to the dilution tube.
2. Examine a tube containing a solution of the pigment extract with the spectrograph. Place a tube containing pigment solution into the clip on the back of the spectrograph; unless one has already been placed there for your observation. Adjust the height of the tube so that you can see a split spectrum; the upper half should be a complete spectrum and the lower half the spectrum formed by the light passing through the pigment. Describe any differences in the two spectra.
RESULTS
1. Record the light transmittance of the pigment solution:
Wavelength Transmittance% Wavelength Transmittance %
400 ____________ 575 ____________
425 ____________ 600 ____________
450 ____________ 625 ____________
475 ____________ 650 ____________
500 ____________ 675 ____________
525 ____________ 700 ____________
550 ____________
2. Prepare a graph showing the wavelength on the horizontal axis and the percent of transmittance on the vertical axis. Please note: The grid lines did not copy in
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School Country
United StatesSchool state
ArizonaSchool city
TempeSchool Address
500 W Guadalupe RoadSchool zip code
85283Requested competency code
Lab ScienceDate submitted
Approved
YesApproved competency code
- LBIO
- Biology