Course title

Pre-requisite

Course description

Chemistry B Syllabus

Course Description
Chemistry B is the second half of the course in basic chemistry. The focus of the course is on the particular types of chemical reactions; such as acid-base reactions; oxidation-reduction reactions; and organic and biochemical reactions. In addition; more attention will be paid to the energy involved in each type of reaction; and to the uses to which each type of reaction may be put.
Course Objectives
• Understand and apply the concepts of chemistry at an introductory level.
Topics to be Covered
Unit 1: Acids and Bases
Unit Description
One of the most common subjects in chemistry is acidity. Acids and bases find their way into almost all of our endeavors; such as cooking; environmental science; and pharmaceuticals. While most of us recognize an acid by its sour taste or corrosive activity; few can define what an acid is; or how it will react. In this unit you will be introduced to at least three definitions of an acid. In most respects the three definitions are the same; but they do differ in some interesting ways. Of course; any time you define an acid; you must also define its corresponding base. The reactions between acids and bases are most interesting. Their products are consistent--a salt and water--yet how an acid reacts with a base; or vice versa; will reveal the strength and concentration of both.
Unit Objectives
• Distinguish between the three definitions of acids and bases
• Perform a titration to determine the strength of an unknown acid or base
• Correlate the pH scale to the concentration of an acid or base
• Understand and use acid-base indicators
Lesson 1: The Basics of Acids
Lesson Description
Arrhenius definition; oxyacids; common acids; strong vs weak acids
Lesson Objectives
• Compare the nature; behavior; concentrations; and strengths of acids and bases.
Lesson 2: What Kind of Acid?
Lesson Description
Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis definitions; polyprotic acids
Lesson Objectives
• Compare the nature; behavior; concentrations; and strengths of acids and bases.
Lesson 3: What Acids Do
Lesson Description
Conjugate pairs; amphoterism; precipitation
Lesson Objectives
• Compare the nature; behavior; concentrations; and strengths of acids and bases.
Lesson 4: pH and Friends
Lesson Description
pH; pOH; self-ionization constant of water
Lesson Objectives
• Compare the nature; behavior; concentrations; and strengths of acids and bases.
Lesson 5: Titration
Lesson Description
Indicators; endpoints and equivalence points; pH to concentration conversions
Lesson Objectives
• Compare the nature; behavior; concentrations; and strengths of acids and bases.
Unit 2: Energetics and Thermodynamics
Unit Description
Energy always accompanies a chemical change. Sometimes it is a product; when the reaction is exothermic; sometimes it is a reactant; when the reaction is endothermic. One way or the other; heat or other forms of energy must be involved in every reaction. In chemistry; there are other thermal measures; such as enthalpy; entropy; and free energy; which are more predictive of the energy requirements. Free energy; in particular; predicts whether a reaction will be spontaneous or not. Non-spontaneous reactions may be endothermic or reversible. When reactions are reversible; they eventually come to a point of equilibrium; in which the forward rate equals the reverse rate. Such equilibria are subject to change when conditions change.
Unit Objectives
• Understand and apply the concepts of thermochemistry.
• Understand reversible reactions and equilibrium values.
• Calculate rate laws and understand the factors affecting rates of reactions.
Lesson 6: Specific Heat
Lesson Description
Calorimetry; specific heat; differential heat absorption
Lesson Objectives
• Explain the energy transfers within chemical reactions using the law of conservation of energy.
Lesson 7: Enthalpy; Entropy; and Energy
Lesson Description
Enthalpy; entropy; free energy and their application to chemical processes
Lesson Objectives
• Explain the energy transfers within chemical reactions using the law of conservation of energy.
Lesson 8: Action of Reaction
Lesson Description
Reaction mechanisms; activation energy; intermediate complexes
Lesson Objectives
• Predict the effect of various factors on the equilibrium state and on the rates of chemical reactions.
Lesson 9: Determining Rates
Lesson Description
Rate laws; rate determining step; homogeneous vs heterogeneous reactions
Lesson Objectives
• Predict the effect of various factors on the equilibrium state and on the rates of chemical reactions.
Lesson 10: Maintaining Equilibrium
Lesson Description
Chemical equilibrium; equilibrium constants; Le Chatelier’s principle
Lesson Objectives
• Predict the effect of various factors on the equilibrium state and on the rates of chemical reactions.
Unit 3: Redox and Electrochemistry
Unit Description
Many reactions involve the transfer of electrons. Such reactions are called oxidation-reduction reactions; whether they involve oxygen or not. In previous studies; you learned how to assign oxidation numbers to elements in a reaction. Using that system of rules; you will easily be able to see where the electrons come from in a reaction and where they go. Oxidation and reduction always come as a pair; yet they can be looked at individually. The mnemonic; OIL RIG (Oxidation Is Loss; Reduction Is Gain); can be used to separate the two parts of an oxidation-reduction reaction. Oxidation will show the electron in the product side; reduction will show the reaction in the reactant side. Although both must happen together; the two processes may be separated in space; creating a flow of electrons from one system to the other.
Unit Objectives
• Define and analyze oxidation-reduction reactions and the movement of electrons in a chemical reaction.
• Apply the concept of equilibrium to solutions and solubility.
• Understand the energetics of oxidation-reduction reactions; including the application of a potential difference to reverse the reactions.
Lesson 11: Revisiting Titrations
Lesson Description
Anions and cations; hydrolysis of anions; weak acids and bases
Lesson Objectives
• Compare the strengths of acids and bases.
Lesson 12: Solutions in Equilibrium
Lesson Description
Solubility product constant; effects with acids
Lesson Objectives
• Predict the effects of various factors on the equilibrium state of a solution.
Lesson 13: Oxidation-Reduction
Lesson Description
Oxidation numbers; definition of oxidation and reduction; half-reactions
Lesson Objectives
• Determine the transfer of electrons in oxidation-reduction reactions.
Lesson 14: The Numbers in Oxidation
Lesson Description
Balancing rules; oxidation numbers; electron transfer
Lesson Objectives
• Determine the transfer of electrons in oxidation-reduction reactions.
• Represent a chemical reaction by using a balanced equation.
Lesson 15: Electrochemistry
Lesson Description
Electrochemical cells; half-cells; galvanic cells
Lesson Objectives
• Determine the transfer of electrons in oxidation-reduction reactions.
Unit 4: Making the Atom Work
Unit Description
The first thing to realize is that electrons are mobile things; when they move; they generate energy. Chemical reactions are a good way to make them move. If you have ever used a battery; you have used electrochemistry. However; electrons are not the only interesting parts of the atom. Protons and neutrons also react; and with much more energy than that of electrons. The Sun is fueled by nuclear fusion; and fission reactors provide much of our energy today; yet there are many natural processes on Earth that are the result of nuclear reactions. For example; nuclear radioactive decay keeps the interior of the Earth hot; which keeps the Earth's mantle liquid; which creates volcanoes and other Earth surface movements.
Unit Objectives
• List and understand the technologies of electrochemistry.
• Understand the forces and particles of nuclei and their reactions.
• Apply the concepts of nuclear chemistry to current problems.
Lesson 16: Batteries and Such
Lesson Description
Voltaic cells; batteries; electrode potentials
Lesson Objectives
• Determine the transfer of electrons in oxidation-reduction reactions.
Lesson 17: Electrons in Reverse
Lesson Description
Electrolysis; electroplating; rechargeable cells; corrosion; electrosynthesis
Lesson Objectives
• Determine the transfer of electrons in oxidation-reduction reactions.
Lesson 18: Mass Defect
Lesson Description
Nuclear binding energy; nuclear stability; nuclear reactions; transmutation
Lesson Objectives
• Describe the features and components of the atom.
Lesson 19: Radioactivity
Lesson Description
Half-life; decay series; parent and daughter nuclides; nuclear equations
Lesson Objectives
• Describe the way that nuclear energy is stored in a system.
Lesson 20: Dating; Tracing; and Other Uses
Lesson Description
Radiometric dating; radioactive tracers; medical uses
Lesson Objectives
• Describe the way that nuclear energy is stored in a system.
Unit 5: Organic Chemistry
Unit Description
The peculiar chemical characteristic of Earth is its abundance of carbon on the surface. Carbon forms four covalent bonds; and is therefore able to form long or short chains; interacting mostly with non-metals; and is extremely versatile in its molecular composition. All such properties make carbon the ideal element to become the chemical base for the diversity of life. Carbon chemistry thus becomes organic chemistry. From the simplest hydrocarbon to the most complex protein; carbon chemistry shares the unique properties of carbon. Each functional group identifies the properties of the molecule; whether it be the -OH group of alcohols; or the -COOH group of organic acids. Though organic chemistry shares the same chemical laws as all other chemistry; it adds another layer of complexity that has direct implications in life processes.
Unit Objectives
• Describe the uses and potential of nuclear reactions.
• Understand the central role of carbon in organic molecules.
• Apply the rules of nomenclature to organic molecules.
• List the various functional groups in organic molecules.
Lesson 21: Fusing and Fissing
Lesson Description
Nuclear fission; chain reactions; nuclear fusion; nuclear reactors
Lesson Objectives
• Describe the way that nuclear energy is stored within a system.
• Evaluate scientific information for relevance to the development of nuclear fusion.
Lesson 22: Carbon Chemistry
Lesson Description
Organic compounds; isomers; catenation
Lesson Objectives
• Describe the role of organic chemicals important to living things.
Lesson 23: Naming Organics
Lesson Description
Alkanes; alkenes; alkynes; aromatic hydrocarbons; naming rules
Lesson Objectives
• Describe the role of organic chemicals important to living things.
Lesson 24: Functional Groups
Lesson Description
Alcohols; carboxylic acids; alkyl halides; ethers; amines; ketones; aldehydes
Lesson Objectives
• Describe the role of organic chemicals important to living things.
Lesson 25: Polymers and Plastics
Lesson Description
Substitution; condensation; addition; and elimination reactions; natural polymers
Lesson Objectives
• Describe the role of organic chemicals important to living things.
Unit 6: Biochemistry
Unit Description
Organic chemistry is carbon chemistry. Biological chemistry; or biochemistry; is the specific application of organic chemistry to living systems. Organic chemistry adds a level of complexity to chemistry; and biochemistry adds a level of complexity to organic chemistry. For example; organic chemistry speaks much to the tetrahedral geometry of carbon-based compounds. Biochemistry describes the importance of the primary; secondary; tertiary; and quaternary structures of proteins; as such structure is necessary to the function of the protein in a living organism. Another classic example is the double-helical structure of DNA; which is integral to its function as the depository of genetic information. Such issues are certainly chemistry; but they transcend chemistry and become the basis of the intricacies of life.
Unit Objectives
• List; identify; and analyze the uses of the types of nutrients essential to animal life.
• Describe how the Sun’s energy is incorporated into the processes of life on Earth.
• Describe the chemistry of genetics and heredity.
Lesson 26: Nutritional Chemistry
Lesson Description
Carbohydrates and lipids; triglycerides and saccharides
Lesson Objectives
• Describe the role of organic chemicals important to life.
Lesson 27: Protein Polymers
Lesson Description
Amino acids and polypeptides; enzymes and structural proteins
Lesson Objectives
• Describe the role of organic chemicals important to life.
Lesson 28: The Chemistry of Life
Lesson Description
ATP; Krebs cycle; electron transfer series; autotrophs and heterotrophs
Lesson Objectives
• Describe the role of energy in cellular growth; development; and repair.
• Compare the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of energy flow.
• Describe the role of organic chemicals important to life.
Lesson 29: Genetic Chemistry
Lesson Description
Nucleic acids; DNA; RNA; protein synthesis; genetic engineering
Lesson Objectives
• Describe the molecular basis of heredity; including DNA replication and protein synthesis.
• Describe the role of organic molecules important to life.
Lesson 30: Finally!
Lesson Description
Final exam and case study discussion
Lesson Objectives
• Demonstrate mastery over the concepts of introductory chemistry.
Assessment of Concepts and Skills/Evaluation of Student Progress
Pretests
Pretests assess a student’s prior knowledge of the content in a unit. These questions are taken directly from the unit exam but do not count toward a student’s grade.
Workbook Questions
Workbook questions are presented to students after most activities containing content. They assess a student’s knowledge of the content immediately after they view/learn the content. Workbook questions typically include multiple choice; true/false; and/or fill-in-the-blank questions.
Checkpoints
Checkpoints assess a student’s knowledge of the concepts taught in a lesson. Typically; multiple choice and true/false questions are presented.
Exams (including Vocabulary Exam)
Exams assess a student’s knowledge of the concepts taught in a unit. Typically; multiple choice and true/false questions are presented.
The Vocabulary Exam assesses a student’s knowledge of several key terms taught throughout the entire course. Typically; multiple choice and true/false questions are presented.
Final Exam
The Final Exam assesses a student’ knowledge of all of the content taught throughout the entire course. Typically; multiple choice and true/false questions are presented.
Discussion Boards
Discussions assess a student’s knowledge of the content taught in each lesson of a unit through answering questions and discussing the content with fellow students.
Unit 1
“Acid Rain” discusses the environmental problems of industrial pollutants in the atmosphere.
Unit 2
“Cellular Respiration” discusses the need for a controlled production and use of energy in living organisms.
Unit 3
“Antioxidants” discusses the control of oxidation in the body; focusing on neutralization of free radicals.
Unit 4
“Energy Shortage?” discusses the need for intelligent energy use and policy.
Unit 5
“The History of Energy” discusses the capture of energy from the Sun and its distribution on Earth to benefit man.
Unit 6
“The Chemistry of Chemistry” discusses the chemical nature of attraction.
Unit Labs
Unit 1: 1)Acid-Base Titration (2 period lab)

Unit 2: 1)Calorimetry; 2) Iron-Tin Rate of Reaction

Unit 3: 1)Solubility; 2)Comparing Iron and Aluminum as Reducing Agents

Unit 4: 1)Electrochemistry of Batteries; 2)Radiation Research Project

Unit 5: 1)Organic Molecule Geometry; 2)Comparing Organic Acids

Unit 6: 1)Enzyme (2 period lab)

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• LCHM
• Chemistry

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Online / Virtual