Course title

Pre-requisite

Course description

Name of course: Chemistry Semester 1 and 2

Duration of study: Textbook title and(full year; one semester; trimester) one year copyright date: FLVS 2017

Approximately how many hours per week do students spend conducting hands-on laboratory experiments in this course?

2 hours

Please provide a list of the laboratory experiments or projects you do that require manipulation of equipment.

Scientific Method Lab: To practice scientific method and manipulating variablesAccuracy and Precision Lab: To explore densities of irregularly shaped objects all while applying the significant figure rules in measurementElectron Arrangement: To investigate the behavior of electrons as they relate to light productionPeriodic Trends: To utilize graphing to determine atomic radius trendsLewis Structures Lab: To experiment on different solutions to determine similarities and differences between ionic and covalent compounds relating to their respective structuresIntermolecular Forces: To identify different structures in covalent compoundsMolar Mass of Compounds: To explore laboratory techniques used to determine molar mass of compoundsChemical Reactions: To investigate the five types of chemical reactions while practicing writing chemical reactions and observing the Law of Conservation of MassPercent Yield Lab: To practice laboratory techniques in determining percent yield of a compoundGas Laws: To explore the relationships between pressure and volume (Boyle’s Law) and volume and temperature (Charles’s Law) by graphingMixtures and Solutions Lab: To discover how different solutions affect solubility and chromatographyCalorimetry Lab: To discover heat exchanges between the system and surroundings using a calorimeterpH Titration Lab: To identify the pH of an unknown acid using titration.Equilibrium Lab: To investigate how equilibrium occurs during a chemical reaction using common; everyday objects such as pennies or candyHalf Life and Radioactive Decay: To visualize how radioactive decay usually occurs exponentially using everyday objects and graphing

List all lab equipment used; including but not limited to household items (for example; microscope; beakers; ramps; dissection equipment; etc.)

Scientific Method Lab: design your own experiment using the scientific methodAccuracy and Precision Lab: (Virtual Exercise) graduated cylinder; electronic balance; pencil; scientific calculator; oddly shaped objectsElectron Arrangement: (Virtual Exercise) Bunsen burner; test tube; test tube rack; Ba sample; Ca sample; Na sample; Rb sample; K sample; Li sample; HCl solution; prismPeriodic Trends: graphical analysis; pencil; scientific calculatorLewis Structures Lab: (Virtual Exercise) hot plate; beaker; 4 unknown solutions; electric currentIntermolecular Forces: pencil; paper; toothpicks; colored marshmallows or gumdropsMolar Mass of Compounds: (Virtual Exercise) evaporating dish; beaker; wire gauze; granulated Tin; HNO3 solution; ring stand; ring clamp; Bunsen burner; scientific calculatorChemical Reactions: (Virtual Exercise) Fe; CuSO4 solution; beaker; test tube; test tube clamp; scoopula; Pb(NO3)2 solution; KI solution; dropper; Mg (s); HCl solution; battery; bunsen burner; water (H2O)Percent Yield Lab: (Virtual Exercise) evaporating dish; ring stand; ring clamp; Bunsen burner; wire gauze; electronic scale; NaHCO3; HCl solution; scientific calculatorGas Laws: (Virtual Exercise) sealed container with movable lid (similar to a syringe) and attached heater apparatus; thermometer; graphical analysisMixtures and Solutions Lab: students may choose between candy chromatography or ink chromatographyCandy chromatography- candy with dye (m&ms or skittles); pencil; ruler; filter paper or coffee filter; water; container such as a measuring cup or mugInk chromatography- filter paper; different brands of black; felt tip markers; pencil; ruler; filter paper or coffee filter; water; container such as a measuring cup or mugCalorimetry Lab: (Virtual Exercise) electronic balance; petri dish; thermometer; test tube; test tube clamp; hot plate; calorimeter; sample of Al (s); sample of Zn (s); sample of Cu (s); sample of Fe (s); and an unknown metal samplepH Titration Lab: (Virtual Exercise) burette; graduated cylinder; Erlenmeyer flask; pH meter; 0.25 M NaOH solution; HCl solution of unknown concentration; PhenolphthaleinEquilibrium Lab: Small objects with two sides (suggestions: pennies; m&ms; skittles); scientific calculator; pencilHalf Life and Radioactive Decay: 200 small objects with two sides (suggestions: pennies; m&ms; skittles); Graphical Analysis; scientific calculator; pencil

Using standard Scientific Method outlined by the following questions; describe one typical laboratory assignment associated with this course.State the problem or concept investigated during this laboratory assignment. (Do oranges stored in a refrigerator have more Vitamin C than oranges picked fresh from a tree?) Formulate a hypothesis for this problem using “if/then” statements. (If oranges picked fresh from a tree have more Vitamin C; then juice from these oranges will take longer to turn a starch solution blue.)The concept of this lab is to model half-life using a sample to represent radioactive atoms.Hypothesis: If the candies represent radioactive atoms with a half-life; then after 3 seconds; or one shake; only half of the candies will remain.

Describe the experiment you performed to prove or disprove your hypothesis. List all essential materials. Describe each step you performed in the experiment.

Materials:• 200 M&M® candies; pennies; or other small candy/item with two distinct sides• shoe box or other small box with a lid• scientific calculator• pencilProcedure:1. Place 200 candies in the shoe box; lettered sides up. The candies will stand for atoms of a hypothetical radioactive element.2. Cover the box and shake it vigorously for three seconds. This is one time interval.3. Remove the lid and take out any candies (atoms) that are now showing lettered sides down. These candies represent the atoms that decayed during the time interval. Count and record in a data table the number of decayed atoms and the number of remaining; not decayed; atoms.4. Continue repeating steps two and three until all atoms have decayed or you have reached 30 seconds on the data table.5. Repeat the entire experiment (steps 1–4) a second time and record all data.

Describe the results of your experiment or study. Use graphs and charts where appropriate.

Trial 1:Time (seconds) Radioactive atoms remaining (not decayed) Atoms decayed0 200 03 102 986 51 519 28 2312 12 1615 5 718 2 321 2 024 1 127 0 130 0 0

Trial 2:Time (seconds) Radioactive atoms remaining (not decayed) Atoms decayed0 200 03 107 936 57 509 34 2312 16 1815 6 1018 3 321 1 224 1 027 0 130 0 0

Calculations1. Determine the average number of atoms remaining (not decayed) at each three-second time interval by adding the results from the two trials and dividing by two.Time (seconds) Radioactive atoms remaining0 2003 104.56 549 3112 1415 5.518 2.521 1.524 127 030 0

2. Create a table that compares time to the average number of atoms remaining at each time interval.

Time (seconds) Radioactive atoms remaining0 2003 104.56 549 3112 1415 5.518 2.521 1.524 127 030 0

3. Create a graph of your data showing the average number of atoms remaining versus time.

Explain your data or results. Give an analysis of your experiment.

The graph exhibits an exponential decay indicating the exponential relationship of the decay of radioactive isotopes and time. The half-life of an atom can be determined using an exponential decay graph such as the one above. From the graph; it can be concluded that the half-life of this particular “atom” is about 3 seconds; or one interval. As time moves on; less and less atoms remain until eventually no atoms will remain. Adding more candies; will not change the shape of the graph; as the half-life will still show the same pattern of decay.

Write a conclusion for your study. Was your hypothesis supported or refuted?

This lab was performed to show the relationship of an atom’s decay and time. Graphing remaining atoms versus time; showed an exponential decay pattern. Using this relationship; the atom’s half-life could be determined. It was determined that the candy atom’s half-life was 3 seconds; or one shake of the box. This conclusion supports the hypothesis. Possible sources of error include counting mistakes. Counting mistakes could account for slight variations in the curve. Nevertheless; this lab did a thorough job in using candy to model a radioactive atom’s half-life through decay.

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Approved

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• LCHM
• Chemistry

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Online / Virtual